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Related Concept Videos

The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

Overview
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
The Central Dogma01:25

The Central Dogma

Overview
The Central Dogma01:20

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA has a double-helix structure. The...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

The genetic code as expressed through relationships between mRNA structure and protein function.

David M Mauger1, Nathan A Siegfried1, Kevin M Weeks1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA 25599-3290.

FEBS Letters
|March 19, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) structures regulate protein production at every step, from creation to localization. These RNA elements form an additional genetic code, guiding and controlling protein biosynthesis.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System
11:47

Residue-specific Incorporation of Noncanonical Amino Acids into Model Proteins Using an Escherichia coli Cell-free Transcription-translation System

Published on: August 1, 2016

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Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins
11:34

Exploring Sequence Space to Identify Binding Sites for Regulatory RNA-Binding Proteins

Published on: August 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Structured RNA elements within messenger RNA (mRNA) play crucial roles in modulating protein synthesis.
  • RNA structures are known to influence various stages of gene expression and protein production.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and integrate diverse examples of RNA structure-mediated regulation.
  • To present a global perspective on how mRNA structure governs protein biosynthesis.
  • To highlight RNA structure as an additional layer of the genetic code.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and integration of existing research on RNA structure and function.
  • Analysis of regulatory RNA elements across different classes and life domains.
  • Synthesis of findings to support a global perspective on mRNA structure's role.

Main Results:

  • RNA structures regulate mRNA production, stability, and nearly all steps of translation (initiation, elongation, termination).
  • These structures also influence protein folding and cellular localization.
  • Regulatory RNA elements are conserved across all domains of life.

Conclusions:

  • mRNA secondary and tertiary structures constitute an additional genetic code.
  • RNA structure provides a fundamental mechanism for guiding and regulating protein biosynthesis.
  • The study emphasizes the pervasive and critical role of RNA structure in cellular processes.