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Updated: May 13, 2026
Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
Published on: May 16, 2025
Secondary reconstruction of panfacial fractures
Ruba Khader1, Aaron Wallender, Joseph E Van Sickels
1Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, rubakhader@gmail.com.
Introduction:
Although the primary management of patients with panfacial fractures has been well discussed in the medical and dental literature, secondary management of those patients who were not treated or were incompletely treated has not been as well addressed.
Purpose:
The purposes of this paper are to review the basic concepts of panfacial fractures and to address the secondary reconstruction of patients whose primary management was less than ideal.
Discussion:
In this paper, we present three cases of secondary reconstruction of the maxillofacial skeleton following complicated panfacial fractures. We also discuss the challenges that exist in treatment planning and executing treatment in these complex cases.
