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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

Medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Marcio L Griebeler1, Hossein Gharib, Geoffrey B Thompson

  • 1Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Endocrine Practice : Official Journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
|March 21, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) diagnosis and treatment have advanced, with genetic testing enabling early detection and curative surgery. Total thyroidectomy remains the primary treatment for MTC.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
05:39

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
07:01

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine tumor, comprising 5% of thyroid malignancies.
  • MTC occurs in sporadic and familial forms, with familial cases linked to RET proto-oncogene mutations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the diagnosis, genetic testing, and treatment of medullary thyroid cancer.
  • To highlight the importance of early detection and intervention for improved patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A review of English-language articles on MTC published up to 2012.
  • Inclusion of relevant articles and their references for comprehensive analysis.

Main Results:

  • Genetic testing facilitates early detection of MTC in asymptomatic carriers and high-risk individuals.
  • Total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection is the primary surgical treatment for MTC.
  • Calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen levels serve as prognostic factors and tumor markers for MTC.

Conclusions:

  • MTC, though rare, carries significant morbidity and mortality if untreated.
  • Genetic testing for RET mutations should be offered to all patients.
  • While total thyroidectomy is the primary treatment, palliative options for advanced MTC include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.