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Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Polymicrobial endophthalmitis: prevalence, causative organisms, and visual outcomes.

Animesh Jindal1, Mayur R Moreker, Avinash Pathengay

  • 1LV Prasad Eye Institute, GMRV Campus, Visakhapatnam, India. avinash@lvpei.org.

Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection
|March 22, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Polymicrobial endophthalmitis, though uncommon, often leads to poor vision, particularly with open-globe injuries. Fungal or Gram-negative coinfections significantly worsen visual outcomes in these cases.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis
07:24

Intravitreal Injection and Quantitation of Infection Parameters in a Mouse Model of Bacterial Endophthalmitis

Published on: February 6, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Endophthalmitis is a serious intraocular infection.
  • Polymicrobial endophthalmitis involves multiple causative organisms.
  • Understanding its prevalence and outcomes is crucial for effective management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence of polymicrobial endophthalmitis.
  • To identify the causative organisms involved.
  • To evaluate the visual acuity outcomes in affected patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of consecutive cases.
  • Culture-proven polymicrobial endophthalmitis diagnosed between 2000 and 2010.
  • Evaluation of patient demographics, etiology, microbial isolates, and visual acuity.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of polymicrobial endophthalmitis was 3.88% (43/1,107 patients).
  • Gram-positive cocci were most common (60.9%), with Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae frequently isolated.
  • Posttraumatic endophthalmitis (72.1%) was more common than postoperative (20.9%).
  • Visual acuity < 20/200 was more frequent in posttraumatic cases (87.1%) versus postoperative (44.4%).
  • Only 20.9% of patients achieved final visual acuity ≥ 20/200.
  • Coinfection with Gram-negative bacteria or fungi was associated with poorer visual outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Polymicrobial endophthalmitis is relatively uncommon but associated with poor visual prognosis.
  • Open-globe injuries and coinfection with Gram-negative bacteria or fungi are linked to the most unfavorable visual outcomes.
  • Prompt diagnosis and targeted treatment are essential for improving outcomes in polymicrobial endophthalmitis.