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Related Concept Videos

Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
Allergic Drug Reactions01:27

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis
06:56

Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis

Published on: September 26, 2012

Brain-reactive antibodies and disease.

B Diamond1, G Honig, S Mader

  • 1Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York 11030, USA. bdiamond@nshs.edu

Annual Review of Immunology
|March 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies, though often present, typically do not harm the brain. However, under certain conditions, brain-reactive antibodies can cause or worsen central nervous system diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases affect 5-7% of the global population, frequently involving autoantibodies.
  • Brain-reactive antibodies are found in 2-3% of the general population but usually don't cause brain pathology.
  • Antibodies typically access brain tissue only during early development or in pathological states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the role of autoantibodies in central nervous system (CNS) diseases.
  • To highlight the potential pathogenicity of brain-reactive antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autoantibodies and CNS pathology.
  • Analysis of factors influencing antibody penetration and pathogenicity in the brain.

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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
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High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis
06:56

Antibody Transfection into Neurons as a Tool to Study Disease Pathogenesis

Published on: September 26, 2012

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
05:55

Quantification of Autoreactive Antibodies in Mice upon Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: December 1, 2023

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum
10:19

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

Published on: November 23, 2013

Main Results:

  • The restricted access of antibodies to the brain and inconsistent serum titer correlations have historically delayed understanding their CNS impact.
  • Evidence suggests antibodies can indeed damage the brain, potentially initiating or exacerbating neurological conditions.
  • Brain-reactive antibodies are implicated in the symptomatology of autoimmune, infectious, and malignant diseases affecting the CNS.

Conclusions:

  • Autoantibodies play a significant, though often underestimated, role in neurological diseases.
  • Understanding antibody-mediated CNS damage is crucial for diagnosing and treating various neurological disorders.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate the mechanisms and clinical relevance of autoantibodies in the central nervous system.