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Related Concept Videos

Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope
09:06

Visualizing Uniaxial-strain Manipulation of Antiferromagnetic Domains in Fe1+YTe Using a Spin-polarized Scanning Tunneling Microscope

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Ferromagnetic dislocations in antiferromagnetic NiO.

Issei Sugiyama1, Naoya Shibata, Zhongchang Wang

  • 1Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 2-11-16, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.

Nature Nanotechnology
|March 26, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Crystal lattice defects, specifically dislocations in nickel oxide (NiO) crystals, exhibit unexpected ferromagnetic properties. This discovery opens avenues for engineering nanoscale magnetic elements within materials.

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Crystal lattice defects, such as dislocations, can impact material properties.
  • While often detrimental, engineering defects like dislocations may offer unique electronic and magnetic functionalities.
  • Previous research has explored ferromagnetism in NiO nanocrystals, but individual defect properties remain undercharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the magnetic properties of individual dislocations in nickel oxide (NiO) crystals.
  • To understand the origin of magnetism at the atomic scale within dislocation cores.
  • To explore the potential of dislocations as building blocks for nanoscale magnetic devices.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing magnetic force microscopy (MFM) to image individual dislocations.
  • Analyzing the atomic-scale structure and stoichiometry of dislocation cores.
  • Characterizing the magnetic ordering and coercivity of dislocations within the NiO lattice.

Main Results:

  • Individual dislocations in antiferromagnetic NiO exhibit clear ferromagnetic ordering.
  • This ferromagnetism originates from local non-stoichiometry within the dislocation cores.
  • Ferromagnetic dislocations display high coercivity due to interactions with the surrounding antiferromagnetic NiO matrix.

Conclusions:

  • Dislocations in NiO possess distinct magnetic properties, differing from the bulk material.
  • The atomic-scale structure and non-stoichiometry of dislocation cores are responsible for the observed ferromagnetism.
  • Engineered dislocations can serve as stable, nanoscale magnetic elements within crystalline materials.