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Related Concept Videos

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors
12:12

In vivo Reprogramming of Adult Somatic Cells to Pluripotency by Overexpression of Yamanaka Factors

Published on: December 17, 2013

Current methods for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.

Geertrui Tavernier1, Barbara Mlody, Jo Demeester

  • 1Ghent University, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Harelbekestraat 72, Ghent, Belgium.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|March 27, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Reprogramming cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers regenerative medicine potential. This review explores safe, transgene-free reprogramming methods to overcome clinical limitations.

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Area of Science:

  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are generated by introducing four transcription factors (OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC) into somatic cells.
  • iPSCs hold promise for disease modeling, drug screening, and regenerative therapies, avoiding ethical concerns and immune rejection associated with embryonic stem cells.
  • The primary limitation for clinical iPSC application is the risk of insertional mutagenesis from viral vectors and transgenes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current protocols for inducing pluripotency in somatic cells.
  • To discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various reprogramming techniques.
  • To highlight future challenges in developing safe and transgene-free iPSC generation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on somatic cell reprogramming techniques.
  • Comparative analysis of different reprogramming methods, focusing on safety and efficiency.
  • Discussion of transgene-free induction strategies.

Main Results:

  • Retroviral transduction is a common method but carries risks of insertional mutagenesis.
  • Alternative reprogramming techniques are being developed to mitigate risks.
  • The focus is shifting towards transgene-free methods for clinical safety.

Conclusions:

  • Safe and transgene-free iPSC generation is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Further research is needed to optimize reprogramming protocols and address safety concerns.
  • Advancements in iPSC technology pave the way for innovative regenerative medicine strategies.