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Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
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Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice
08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Panel 6: Vaccines.

Stephen I Pelton1, Melinda M Pettigrew, Stephen J Barenkamp

  • 1Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. spelton@bu.edu

Otolaryngology--Head and Neck Surgery : Official Journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
|March 29, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) effectively prevent acute otitis media (AOM), reducing disease burden. Further research is needed to expand vaccine protection against more pathogens and serotypes.

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Area of Science:

  • Vaccinology
  • Pediatric Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Acute otitis media (AOM) poses a significant health burden on children and families, often characterized by recurrent infections.
  • The 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has demonstrated efficacy in reducing AOM incidence and altering pathogen distribution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing AOM.
  • To identify promising candidate antigens for vaccines targeting key AOM pathogens: Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature searches were conducted in OvidSP and PubMed for articles published between June 2007 and September 2011.
  • Search terms included "otitis media," "vaccines," "vaccine antigens," and specific pathogen and antigen names.

Main Results:

  • Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) show continued effectiveness in preventing AOM, with observational studies indicating greater reductions in AOM episodes than clinical trials.
  • Candidate antigens against key AOM pathogens have met criteria for conservation, immunogenicity, and protection in animal models.

Conclusions:

  • PCVs have reduced the burden of AOM and shifted the landscape of circulating pneumococcal serotypes and other otopathogens.
  • Challenges remain in extending vaccine protection to additional serotypes and pathogens, preventing early-life AOM episodes, and developing correlates of protection for protein antigens.
  • Further research into antigen roles, correlates of protection, and novel adjuvants is crucial for advancing AOM vaccine development.