Human cytomegalovirus induces a biphasic inflammatory response in primary endothelial cells

Contradictory studies report either pro- or anti-inflammatory endothelial cell (EC) responses to human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection, hindering the validation of a potential link between this virus and associated inflammatory pathologies. Clarifying this issue, we report that hCMV induces a biphasic response. Early after inoculation, hCMV promoted lymphocyte and, to a lesser extent, neutrophil capture under in vivo relevant shear stresses. In contrast, later stages of infection rendered EC refractory to basal, or cytokine-induced, leukocyte recruitment.