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Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning01:15

Real-World Application of Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning not only includes the initial pairing of stimuli but also extends to more complex forms, such as higher-order conditioning. Higher-order conditioning involves creating associations beyond the primary conditioned stimulus, resulting in a chain of conditioned responses.
Higher-order, or second-order, conditioning occurs when a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an already established conditioned stimulus through repeated pairings. For instance, if a dog has been...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity
11:56

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Published on: November 11, 2017

Nonsynaptic plasticity underlies a compartmentalized increase in synaptic efficacy after classical conditioning.

Evgeny S Nikitin1, Pavel M Balaban, György Kemenes

  • 1Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 117485, Russian Federation.

Current Biology : CB
|April 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Learning causes specific changes in snail neuron axon terminals, enhancing memory. This involves a voltage-dependent potassium current, linking global neuronal changes to localized synaptic improvements.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity
11:56

Slice Patch Clamp Technique for Analyzing Learning-Induced Plasticity

Published on: November 11, 2017

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices
09:30

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

Published on: October 16, 2019

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
10:52

Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cellular Neuroscience
  • Neurobiology

Background:

  • Nonsynaptic and synaptic plasticity are crucial for long-term memory in diverse species.
  • Mechanisms linking learning-induced nonsynaptic plasticity to compartmentalized presynaptic changes remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate how learning-induced nonsynaptic plasticity in the Lymnaea feeding system leads to compartmentalized presynaptic changes.
  • Determine the role of specific ion channels in mediating these plastic changes.

Main Methods:

  • Behavioral conditioning of intact Lymnaea.
  • Electrophysiological recordings of neuronal activity.
  • Optical imaging of calcium transients in axonal terminals.

Main Results:

  • Classical conditioning reduced spike-evoked calcium transient attenuation in axonal side branches of cerebral giant cells (CGCs).
  • Somatic depolarization and 4-aminopyridine treatment mimicked learning effects on calcium transients and reduced axonal spike attenuation.
  • These findings indicate spatially segregated effects on axonal terminals.

Conclusions:

  • Voltage-dependent inactivation of A-type potassium current links global nonsynaptic plasticity to compartmentalized synaptic changes.
  • This mechanism allows for targeted increases in synaptic efficacy without affecting other neuronal functions.