Classification and management of seromas in immediate breast reconstruction using the tissue expander and acellular...

Tissue expander (TE)/acellular dermal matrix (ADM)-based breast reconstruction used in immediate postmastectomy breast reconstruction, although a popular technique, is not without complications.Although seroma formation is recognized and reported in the literature as a complication, little information addresses seroma(s) management. We conducted a retrospective review of 100 consecutive TE/ADM immediate reconstructions during a 2-year period, performed by a single surgeon. Data collection included patient demographics, adjuvant therapy, initial TE fill volume, time to completion of expansion, seroma formation, management of seroma, and wound complications, up to the time of definitive implant exchange. From December 2009 to December 2011, 67 patients (100 reconstructions) underwent TE/ADM immediate breast reconstruction. Thirty-one reconstructions were identified having clinically significant seroma(s). Eighteen of the reconstructions required multiple drainage procedures. With these data, a 3-group classification system was created based on the number of aspirations. In review of the 3 groups, 71% of group III required either Seroma-Cath or operative drainage beyond simple aspiration(s). Of the 100 reconstructions, 3 (3%) ended in TE explantation. Only 1 (3%) TE explantation, interestingly from group I, was attributable to seroma formation. Using the data, we devised a management strategy emphasizing attentiveness to seroma formation, recognition, and treatment. Seroma formation is a known entity linked to complications in TE/ADM reconstructive course. A seroma classification system and treatment algorithm is offered to minimize abandonment of the reconstruction and optimize outcomes.