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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

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Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

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All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

Torque On A Current Loop In A Magnetic Field

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The most common application of magnetic force on current-carrying wires is in electric motors. These consist of loops of wire, which are placed between the magnets with a magnetic field. When current flows through the loops, the magnetic field applies torque, which causes the shaft to rotate, thus converting electrical energy to mechanical energy.
Consider a rectangular current-carrying loop containing N turns of wire, placed in a uniform magnetic field. The net force on a current-carrying loop...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Fabrication of Magnetic Nanostructures on Silicon Nitride Membranes for Magnetic Vortex Studies Using Transmission Microscopy Techniques

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Terahertz spin current pulses controlled by magnetic heterostructures.

T Kampfrath¹, M Battiato, P Maldonado

¹Department of Physical Chemistry, Fritz Haber Institute, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany. kampfrath@fhi-berlin.mpg.de

Nature Nanotechnology

|April 2, 2013

Summary

Researchers can shape ultrafast spin current pulses using magnetic heterostructures. Tailoring materials like ruthenium or gold allows control over electron spin transport for advanced spintronic devices.

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Published on: July 20, 2022

Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Spintronics

Background:

Spintronics encodes information using electron spin.
Controlled spin transport is crucial for spintronic devices.
Terahertz frequencies offer unexplored potential for high-speed electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the manipulation of femtosecond spin current burst shapes.
To investigate the influence of different cap layers on spin current dynamics.
To explore the potential for engineering terahertz emitters.

Main Methods:

Utilizing femtosecond laser pulses to generate spin currents.
Employing magnetic heterostructures with varying cap layers (ruthenium, gold).
Detecting transient spin currents via the inverse spin Hall effect (ISHE).

Main Results:

Spin current pulse duration is significantly affected by the cap layer material.
Ruthenium cap layers result in longer spin current pulses due to lower electron mobility.
Gold cap layers exhibit shorter spin current pulses due to higher electron mobility.

Conclusions:

Magnetic heterostructures enable the tailoring of spin current pulse shapes.
Material selection (e.g., Ru vs. Au) controls electron spin transport and pulse duration.
This offers a pathway for developing high-speed spintronic devices and terahertz emitters.