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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:06

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
Somatic cells are...
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells01:13

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different types of cells. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are post-mitotic—that is, they no longer divide. However, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they “de-differentiate” and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are also pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are therefore called induced pluripotent stem...
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Oct4GiP Reporter Assay to Study Genes that Regulate Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Self-renewal
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Published on: May 30, 2012

Oct4 promoter activity in stem cells obtained through somatic reprogramming.

Winfried H Krueger1, Borko Tanasijevic, Carol Norris

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.

Cellular Reprogramming
|April 5, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Reprogramming differentiated cells to pluripotency via somatic cell nuclear transfer, fusion-mediated reprogramming, or induced pluripotent stem cells results in similar Oct4 promoter activity. This suggests pluripotency is a stable state achievable through diverse reprogramming methods.

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Published on: February 20, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Research

Background:

  • Multiple methods can reprogram somatic cells to a pluripotent state resembling embryonic stem cells (ESCs).
  • These methods include somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), fusion-mediated reprogramming (FMR), and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
  • All reprogramming strategies reactivate the endogenous Oct4 gene, a key pluripotency marker.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the activity of the Oct4 promoter across different types of pluripotent cells.
  • To investigate whether diverse reprogramming methods converge on similar Oct4 promoter regulation.
  • To assess pluripotency and differentiation kinetics in relation to Oct4 promoter activity.

Main Methods:

  • Derivation of ESCs, FMR cells (FMRCs), and iPSCs from a common transgenic Oct4-GFP mouse line.
  • Ensuring the Oct4-GFP transgene was integrated at an identical genomic locus in all cell types.
  • Utilizing flow cytometry to analyze GFP expression (as a proxy for Oct4 promoter activity), cell cycle, and differentiation.

Main Results:

  • Similar levels of Oct4 promoter-driven GFP expression were observed in ESCs, FMRCs, and iPSCs.
  • No significant differences in pluripotency maintenance or differentiation potential were detected among the three cell types.
  • The findings indicate consistent Oct4 promoter activity regardless of the reprogramming route.

Conclusions:

  • The pluripotent state acts as a robust 'local attractor,' attainable through distinct reprogramming pathways.
  • Oct4 promoter activity is conserved across different methods of achieving pluripotency.
  • This suggests a fundamental convergence in the regulatory mechanisms underlying cellular reprogramming.