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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

A microwave interferometer for small and tenuous plasma density measurements.

O Tudisco¹, A Lucca Fabris, C Falcetta

¹ENEA CR Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy. onofrio.tudisco@enea.it

The Review of Scientific Instruments

|April 6, 2013

Summary

A new microwave interferometer enables non-intrusive plasma density measurement for space thrusters. This high-sensitivity device accurately measures low densities, crucial for understanding mini-helicon thruster performance.

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Area of Science:

Plasma physics
Space propulsion engineering

Background:

Non-intrusive plasma density measurement is challenging for small, high-density sources.
Mini-helicon space thrusters produce thin plasmas with densities ranging from 10^16 to 10^19 m^-3.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a non-intrusive method for measuring plasma density in a mini-helicon space thruster.
To overcome the challenges posed by the broad density range and small source size.

Main Methods:

Development of a microwave interferometer with a small probing beam wavelength (λ = 4 mm).
Utilization of a low-noise digital phase detector with a phase noise of 0.02°.

Main Results:

The developed interferometer achieves high sensitivity, capable of detecting densities as low as 0.5 × 10^16 m^-3.
Successful non-intrusive density measurement within the specified range for the mini-helicon thruster.

Conclusions:

The microwave interferometer is a viable tool for non-intrusive plasma density diagnostics in small space thrusters.
The high sensitivity achieved is critical for characterizing low-density plasma regimes in such devices.