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Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

Position-effect Variegation

Position-effect Variegation

In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.

Exon Recombination

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes.
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Vibratome Sectioning Mouse Retina to Prepare Photoreceptor Cultures

Vibratome Sectioning Mouse Retina to Prepare Photoreceptor Cultures

Published on: December 22, 2014

Evolutionarily conserved long intergenic non-coding RNAs in the eye.

Debarshi Mustafi¹, Brian M Kevany, Xiaodong Bai

¹Department of Pharmacology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44106-4965, USA.

Human Molecular Genetics

|April 9, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified highly conserved long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) in adult human retinal neurons. These lincRNAs are crucial for maintaining retinal and visual function.

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Area of Science:

Genomics
Neuroscience
Molecular Biology

Background:

Mammalian transcriptomes contain thousands of long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs).
lincRNAs play roles in gene regulation and are linked to human disorders.
Understanding lincRNA function in specific tissues like the retina is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify conserved lincRNAs in adult human retinal neurons.
To investigate the expression patterns and localization of these lincRNAs.
To explore the potential role of lincRNAs in retinal maintenance.

Main Methods:

Comparative sequence analysis of lincRNAs across mammalian species.
RNA sequencing of eye tissues from multiple mammalian species.
In situ hybridization and computational genomic analyses in mouse models.

Main Results:

Identified 18 highly conserved lincRNAs across mammalian eye tissues.
16 of these lincRNAs were conserved in human retinal tissue, with 14 in the macula.
Several lincRNAs showed restricted retinal expression and localized to photoreceptor neurons.

Conclusions:

Discovered conserved lincRNAs critical for retinal and visual maintenance in adults.
These lincRNAs are potential regulators in post-mitotic retinal neurons.
Further research into lincRNA function could reveal therapeutic targets for visual disorders.