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Related Concept Videos

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...
Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren syndrome.
Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines01:24

Antiasthma Drugs: Methylxanthines

Theophylline, a member of the methylxanthine class of bronchodilators, has long been used in asthma management. While its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood, it is believed to have multiple effects on various cellular processes.
Theophylline is thought to inhibit phosphodiesterase enzymes, increasing intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP). This rise in cAMP and cGMP concentrations stimulates cardiac function,...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses01:26

Cholinergic Antagonists: Therapeutic Uses

Antimuscarinic drugs have various therapeutic applications by inhibiting parasympathetic stimulation in different systems. Here are the key therapeutic uses of antimuscarinics:    
Respiratory Tract: Ipratropium, aclidinium, and tiotropium treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). They protect against bronchoconstriction caused by irritants like cigarette smoke, sulfur dioxide, and ozone. They also help reduce nasopharyngeal secretions in common...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

Thyromimetics: What does the future hold?

A G Unnikrishnan1, Manash Baruah, Sanjay Kalra

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, India.

Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
|April 9, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New thyromimetic agents targeting the TRβ1 receptor show promise for treating dyslipidemia. These selective agents may offer a safer alternative to traditional thyroid hormone therapies by avoiding adverse cardiac and bone effects.

Keywords:
Thyromimeticsdyslipidemia

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice
07:02

In Vivo Inhibition of MicroRNA to Decrease Tumor Growth in Mice

Published on: August 23, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Dyslipidemia treatment requires agents without cardiac or bone side effects.
  • Traditional thyroid hormone therapies have shown disappointing results and adverse effects.
  • Thyroid hormone exerts effects through four nuclear receptor isoforms (TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, TRβ2).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate thyromimetic agents with selective TRβ1 activity for dyslipidemia treatment.
  • To explore mechanisms of action for TRβ1-selective agents in managing cholesterol levels.
  • To assess the safety profile of these agents on the pituitary-thyroid axis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated thyromimetic agents Eprotirome and Sobetirome.
  • Focused on their selective binding and activation of the TRβ1 receptor.
  • Examined their impact on lipid profiles and potential off-target effects.

Main Results:

  • Eprotirome and Sobetirome demonstrate selective TRβ1 activity.
  • These agents effectively address dyslipidemia through multiple mechanisms.
  • They appear to be safe concerning the pituitary-thyroid axis.

Conclusions:

  • Selective TRβ1 thyromimetics represent a promising therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemia.
  • These agents offer a potentially safer alternative by minimizing cardiovascular and skeletal adverse effects.
  • Further research is warranted to fully elucidate their therapeutic potential and long-term safety.