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Related Concept Videos

Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast, controlled...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
Three Developmental Domains01:29

Three Developmental Domains

Human development is typically examined across three main domains: physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional. These domains represent the significant areas of change and continuity throughout the lifespan, from infancy to late adulthood.
Physical Development
Physical processes, also known as maturation, encompass the biological changes that occur across an individual's life. These changes begin with genetic inheritance and continue through various stages, including growth in height and weight,...
Probability Laws01:49

Probability Laws

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A Pediatric Concussion Model in Mice: Closed Head Injury with Long-Term Disorders (CHILD)
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Published on: February 7, 2025

Cumulative risk and child development.

Gary W Evans1, Dongping Li, Sara Sepanski Whipple

  • 1Departments of Design and Environmental Analysis and of Human Development, Bronfenbrenner Center for Translational Research, Cornell University.

Psychological Bulletin
|April 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Childhood cumulative risk (CR) measurement, though flawed, remains valuable for understanding developmental impacts. It offers a sensitive, parsimonious approach to multiple risk factor exposure in children.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Development Research
  • Risk Factor Analysis

Background:

  • Childhood exposure to multiple risk factors has greater adverse developmental impacts than single exposures.
  • Sociodemographic variables like poverty may exert negative effects through cumulative risk exposure.
  • Cumulative Risk (CR) is the predominant, yet debated, measure for assessing multiple risk factors in children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the child CR literature and compare it with alternative multiple risk measurement models.
  • To discuss the strengths and weaknesses of developmental CR research.
  • To offer suggestions for strengthening CR research in child development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cumulative risk (CR) in child development.
  • Comparison of CR with alternative multiple risk measurement models.
  • Analysis of theoretical models supporting the impact of multiple risk factors.

Main Results:

  • CR, despite limitations like arbitrary risk designation and loss of intensity data, is parsimonious and statistically sensitive.
  • Alternative theoretically compelling metrics often suffer from low statistical power and robustness issues.
  • CR aligns with established developmental and stress theories, explaining amplified harm from multiple risks.

Conclusions:

  • Cumulative Risk (CR) remains a pragmatic and theoretically supported metric for child development research.
  • Further analytic and theoretical refinements can strengthen the application of CR.
  • Understanding cumulative risk has significant implications for child intervention and policy.