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Related Concept Videos

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Thermal Energy Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a quantitative measure of “hot” or “cold”, which depends on the amount of thermal energy. When the atoms and molecules in an object are moving or vibrating quickly, they have a higher average kinetic energy (KE) (or higher thermal energy), and the object is perceived as “hot”, or it is described as being at a higher temperature. When the...
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Every organism has an optimum temperature range within which healthy growth and physiological functioning can occur. At the ends of this range, there will be a minimum and maximum temperature that interrupt biological processes.
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If the temperature of an object is changed while it is prevented from expanding or contracting, the object is subjected to stress. The stress is compressive if the object expands in the absence of constraint and tensile if it contracts. This stress resulting from temperature change is known as thermal stress. It can be quite large and can cause damage. To avoid this stress, engineers may design components so they can expand and contract freely. For instance, on highways, gaps are deliberately...
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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
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Heat Stress Metrics for US Census Tracts 1998-2020.

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New datasets provide hourly heat stress metrics like Heat Index (HI), Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) across U.S. census tracts. This research addresses public health threats from extreme heat exposure.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental science
  • Public health
  • Climate science

Background:

  • Extreme heat exposure poses a significant public health risk.
  • Traditional heat research often relies on dry-bulb temperature, lacking comprehensive heat stress quantification.
  • Limited availability of integrated, spatially explicit datasets hinders public health-aligned heat stress research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and provide high-resolution, hourly heat stress datasets for the contiguous U.S.
  • To integrate multiple meteorological factors for a more accurate assessment of heat stress.
  • To enable direct linkage between heat stress data and public health information at the census tract level.

Main Methods:

  • Generated hourly Heat Index (HI), Wet-Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT), and Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI) data.
  • Integrated PRISM, ERA5-Land, and NSRDB products, reconstructing near-surface temperature and moisture fields.
  • Aggregated heat stress indices to census tract boundaries using area- and population-weighted methods.

Main Results:

  • Provided hourly HI, WBGT, and UTCI data for U.S. census tracts from 1998-2020.
  • Achieved stable validation performance with low root mean squared errors for air temperature (1.70°C), HI (3.20°C), WBGT (2.90°C), and UTCI (3.26°C).
  • Created spatially explicit, public-health-aligned heat stress datasets.

Conclusions:

  • The developed datasets fill a critical gap in heat-health research by providing comprehensive heat stress metrics.
  • These hourly, tract-level data facilitate detailed analysis of heat exposure's impact on public health.
  • The findings support improved strategies for mitigating risks associated with extreme heat events.