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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

Published on: January 11, 2020

Cognitive diagnostic error in internal medicine.

Kees van den Berge¹, Sílvia Mamede

¹Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Rotterdam, the Netherlands. c.vandenberge@erasmusmc.nl

European Journal of Internal Medicine

|April 10, 2013

Summary

Cognitive biases like confirmation and availability bias contribute to diagnostic errors in medicine. Reflective reasoning can improve diagnostic accuracy, especially in complex cases.

Keywords:

Analytical reasoning Clinical reasoning Cognitive diagnostic error Decision-making Diagnostic error Non-analytical reasoning

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Area of Science:

Medical error research
Cognitive psychology in medicine
Healthcare quality improvement

Background:

Diagnostic errors represent a significant portion of medical mistakes.
Flaws in clinical reasoning are a primary cause of diagnostic errors.
Limited empirical evidence exists on cognitive mechanisms and interventions for diagnostic errors.

Purpose of the Study:

To review experimental studies on cognitive factors influencing diagnostic errors.
To explore the role of cognitive biases in medical diagnosis.
To assess the effectiveness of reasoning strategies in mitigating diagnostic mistakes.

Main Methods:

Review of recent experimental studies examining cognitive mechanisms in diagnostic errors.
Analysis of the impact of cognitive biases (confirmation bias, availability bias) on diagnostic accuracy.
Evaluation of the effect of analytical (reflective) versus non-analytical reasoning on diagnostic outcomes.

Main Results:

Cognitive biases, specifically confirmation and availability bias, are linked to diagnostic errors.
Availability bias is associated with non-analytical reasoning and can be mitigated by reflective reasoning.
Reflective reasoning enhances diagnostic performance in complex medical cases, despite non-analytical reasoning being typical of expertise.

Conclusions:

Cognitive factors, including biases and reasoning styles, play a crucial role in diagnostic errors.
Reflective reasoning offers a potential strategy to improve diagnostic accuracy, particularly in challenging situations.
Further research is needed to fully understand and address the cognitive underpinnings of diagnostic errors.