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Related Concept Videos

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's forehead...
Steps in Outbreak Investigation01:18

Steps in Outbreak Investigation

In the ever-evolving field of public health, statistical analysis serves as a cornerstone for understanding and managing disease outbreaks. By leveraging various statistical tools, health professionals can predict potential outbreaks, analyze ongoing situations, and devise effective responses to mitigate impact. For that to happen, there are a few possible stages of the analysis:
Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus
10:05

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus

Published on: February 4, 2012

Spatial and Temporal Algorithm Evaluation for Detecting Over-The-Counter Thermometer Sale Increases during 2009 H1N1

Jialan Que1, Fu-Chiang Tsui

  • 1RODS Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh ; Intelligent Systems Program, University of Pittsburgh ; Division of Biomedical Informatics, University of California, San Diego.

Online Journal of Public Health Informatics
|April 10, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Time-series algorithms offer superior early detection of disease outbreaks, especially during pandemics with multiple concurrent clusters. They outperform spatial algorithms, providing timely public health surveillance insights.

Keywords:
biosurveillancedisease outbreak detectiontime series

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

High-throughput Detection Method for Influenza Virus
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Published on: February 4, 2012

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza
09:43

Microfluidic Chip Fabrication and Method to Detect Influenza

Published on: March 26, 2013

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B
05:38

Rapid Molecular Detection and Differentiation of Influenza Viruses A and B

Published on: January 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health Surveillance
  • Data Science

Background:

  • Spatial outbreak detection algorithms are established but often assume single outbreak clusters.
  • Pandemics can feature multiple, concurrent geographic clusters, challenging existing spatial models.
  • Time-series analysis offers potential for more sensitive and timely pandemic detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To theoretically and empirically evaluate the performance of spatial versus time-series algorithms for outbreak detection.
  • To demonstrate the limitations of spatial models when multiple outbreak clusters occur simultaneously.
  • To advocate for the integration of time-series analysis into public health surveillance strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis of spatial scan statistics (likelihood ratio, Bayesian Spatial Scan Statistic - BSS).
  • Empirical comparison of BSS with a time-series algorithm (wavelet anomaly detector - WAD).
  • Evaluation using over-the-counter medicine sales data during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic.

Main Results:

  • Spatial models (BSS) were theoretically shown to be less effective with multiple concurrent clusters.
  • The time-series algorithm (WAD) detected increases in thermometer sales approximately 3 days earlier than the spatial algorithm (BSS).

Conclusions:

  • Time-series algorithms provide a significant advantage for early outbreak detection, particularly during multi-cluster pandemic events.
  • Complementing widely used spatial-temporal algorithms with time-series methods can enhance public health surveillance.
  • Epidemiologists and public health officials should consider incorporating time-series analysis for more robust outbreak detection.