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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
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Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation
08:08

Chicken Recombinant Limbs Assay to Understand Morphogenesis, Patterning, and Early Steps in Cell Differentiation

Published on: January 12, 2022

Turing and Wolpert work together during limb development.

Takashi Miura1

  • 1Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan. miura_t@anat1.med.kyushu-u.ac.jp

Science Signaling
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating vertebrate limb development, this study explores how positional information and spontaneous pattern formation interact. By analyzing quantitative data, it offers a new perspective on skeletal pattern establishment.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Vertebrate embryology
  • Morphogenesis

Background:

  • Limb development is a complex process studied in developmental biology.
  • Existing theories, positional information and spontaneous pattern formation, are often seen as conflicting.
  • A unified understanding of limb skeletal pattern formation remains elusive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between positional information and spontaneous pattern formation in vertebrate limb development.
  • To explore a new experimental direction for understanding skeletal pattern establishment.
  • To reconcile seemingly exclusive theories in developmental biology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing quantitative morphological data.
  • Analyzing experimental models of limb development.
  • Integrating computational and experimental approaches.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated interplay between positional information and spontaneous pattern formation.
  • Identified key parameters governing skeletal pattern establishment.
  • Provided quantitative evidence for a unified model.

Conclusions:

  • Positional information and spontaneous pattern formation are not mutually exclusive in limb development.
  • Their interaction is crucial for establishing the vertebrate limb skeletal pattern.
  • This study offers a novel framework for understanding limb morphogenesis.