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Mathematical Modeling of Lesion Pattern Formation in Dendritic Keratitis.

Mari Masunaga^1,2, Reo Shimatani³, Kazumi Shinozaki⁴

¹Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.

Bulletin of Mathematical Biology

|February 24, 2026

Summary

Mathematical modeling reveals how herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes dendritic keratitis. Cytokine levels and distribution explain the formation of unique dendritic and geographic eye lesions, improving understanding of this infection.

Keywords:

Branch pattern formation Dendritic keratitis Herpes simplex virus Mathematical modeling

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Virology
Mathematical Biology

Background:

Dendritic keratitis, an eye infection caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV), presents as characteristic lesions on the cornea.
The progression to geographic keratitis under immunosuppression and the underlying pattern formation mechanisms require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and analyze a mathematical model to elucidate the mechanisms driving lesion pattern formation in dendritic keratitis.
To investigate the role of cytokine dynamics in the development of dendritic and geographic corneal lesions.

Main Methods:

Development of a mathematical model simulating HSV spread and host immune response within corneal epithelial cells.
Analysis of model outputs based on varying cytokine production levels and spatial distribution.

Main Results:

Increased infection-suppressive cytokine production was modeled to induce dendritic patterns with terminal bulbs.
Reduced cytokine levels in the model led to geographic lesion patterns.
Simulations reproduced dendritic tails by altering cytokine spatial distribution and tapered lesions by including external cytokine secretion.

Conclusions:

The study clarifies the mechanisms behind terminal bulb formation in dendritic keratitis through mathematical modeling.
The model successfully reproduces various lesion morphologies, enhancing the understanding of herpetic keratitis.
Mathematical modeling demonstrates significant utility in studying ophthalmological conditions and disease progression.