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Related Concept Videos

Purposive Learning01:22

Purposive Learning

E. C. Tolman emphasized the purposiveness of behavior — the idea that much of our behavior is goal-directed. For instance, employees who aim for a promotion work diligently to meet their targets. Tolman argued that when classical conditioning and operant conditioning occur, the organism acquires certain expectations. In classical conditioning, a child might fear a dog because they expect it to bite. In operant conditioning, a person might consistently work overtime because they expect a bonus...
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Elaborative rehearsal is a crucial cognitive strategy that strengthens information encoding in long-term memory by making meaningful connections between new data and pre-existing knowledge. This approach contrasts with maintenance rehearsal, which involves simple repetition without delving into the significance of the information. While maintenance rehearsal might temporarily keep information active in short-term memory, it is less effective for long-term retention.
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Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
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Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or playing an...
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Updated: May 12, 2026

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice
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Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Published on: March 4, 2014

Overearning.

Christopher K Hsee1, Jiao Zhang, Cindy F Cai

  • 1Booth School of Business, University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA. chris.hsee@chicagobooth.edu

Psychological Science
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Many people overearn, sacrificing happiness to accumulate wealth beyond their needs. This occurs due to mindless accumulation, a tendency to work until fatigued rather than satisfied, especially when earning rates are high.

Keywords:
decision makingearning caphappinessheuristicsmedium maximizationoverearningoverworkingsubjective well-beingworkaholism

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Modern technology enables reduced work hours and increased leisure.
  • Despite this, many individuals continue to work extensively to increase earnings.
  • The phenomenon of 'overearning'—working beyond necessity—is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals engage in overearning.
  • To explore the psychological drivers behind overearning.
  • To develop a controlled method for studying overearning.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of a minimalistic laboratory paradigm to study overearning.
  • Controlled experimental setting to observe earning and work behavior.
  • Manipulation of earning rates and prompts related to earnings.

Main Results:

  • Individuals were found to overearn, even at the expense of their happiness.
  • Overearning is characterized as mindless accumulation, driven by fatigue rather than need.
  • Work duration remained consistent across different earning rates, increasing overearning likelihood at higher rates.
  • Interventions like consequence consideration or earnings denial reduced mindless accumulation and improved happiness.

Conclusions:

  • Overearning is a prevalent behavior driven by a tendency for mindless accumulation.
  • Psychological factors, not just economic incentives, significantly influence work and earning decisions.
  • Mindless accumulation can be mitigated, leading to increased happiness and well-being.