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Related Concept Videos

Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors01:58

Prokaryotic Transcriptional Activators and Repressors

The organization of prokaryotic genes in their genome is notably different from that of eukaryotes. Prokaryotic genes are organized, such that the genes for proteins involved in the same biochemical process or function are located together in groups. This group of genes, along with their regulatory elements, are collectively known as an operon. The functional genes in an operon are transcribed together to give a single strand of mRNA known as polycistronic mRNA.
Transcription of prokaryotic...
Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression01:27

Constitutive and Regulated Gene Expression

Gene expression in prokaryotes is governed by constitutive and regulated systems, allowing cells to balance the production of essential proteins with adaptive responses to environmental changes.Constitutive Gene ExpressionConstitutive, or housekeeping, genes are continuously expressed as they encode proteins vital for fundamental cellular processes. These include enzymes for glycolysis, ribosomal components for protein synthesis, and proteins involved in DNA replication. Their constant...

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Reliably Engineering and Controlling Stable Optogenetic Gene Circuits in Mammalian Cells
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Circuit-level input integration in bacterial gene regulation.

Lorena Espinar1, Marta Dies, Tolga Cagatay

  • 1Departament de Física i Enginyeria Nuclear, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08222 Terrassa, Spain.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|April 11, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Gene regulatory circuits integrate multiple inputs differently based on where they enter the system. This study reveals novel dynamics when inputs affect distinct circuit elements in Bacillus subtilis.

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Area of Science:

  • Systems Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene regulatory circuits process multiple signals simultaneously through various entry points.
  • Understanding how these circuits integrate diverse inputs based on their spatial location is crucial for predicting cellular behavior.
  • The competence regulatory circuit in Bacillus subtilis serves as a model for investigating input integration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the Bacillus subtilis competence circuit integrates multiple inputs.
  • To determine the influence of input entry points on the circuit's integrated response.
  • To elucidate the dynamical mechanisms underlying input integration in gene regulatory networks.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative time-lapse fluorescence microscopy was employed to monitor single-cell responses in vivo.
  • Two distinct inputs were applied: a chemical signal for constitutive gene expression and a genetic perturbation (copy number variation).
  • In silico bidimensional bifurcation analysis of a mathematical model was used to complement experimental findings.

Main Results:

  • The combination of chemical and genetic inputs generated diverse dynamical behaviors in single cells.
  • Input integration strongly depended on the relative entry points within the regulatory circuit.
  • Novel dynamical behaviors emerged when inputs targeted different circuit elements, unlike when they affected the same element.

Conclusions:

  • The spatial location of input signals significantly dictates the integration outcome in gene regulatory circuits.
  • Distinct entry points lead to emergent dynamical behaviors, highlighting the importance of network topology.
  • Mathematical modeling provides quantitative agreement with experimental data, offering mechanistic insights into circuit dynamics.