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Amines: Introduction

Amines: Introduction

Amines are organic derivatives of ammonia. They are formed by replacing one or more ammonia protons with alkyl or aryl groups. Depending upon the number of organyl groups bonded to nitrogen, amines are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary. Primary amines have one organyl group attached to the nitrogen atom, while secondary and tertiary amines have two and three organyl groups attached to the nitrogen atom, respectively.

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this nitrogen...

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO₂

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structures of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Structure of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives
Carboxylic acid derivatives contain an acyl group attached to a heteroatom such as chlorine, oxygen, or nitrogen. The carbonyl carbon and oxygen are both sp2-hybridized with an unhybridized p orbital.
The three sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl carbon form three σ bonds, one each with the carbonyl oxygen, the α carbon, and the heteroatom, whereas the other two sp2 orbitals of the carbonyl oxygen are occupied by the lone pairs. Further, the unhybridized p...

Structure of Amines

Structure of Amines

The hybridized nitrogen atom in amines possesses a lone pair of electrons and is bound to three substituents with a bond angle of around 108°, which is less than the tetrahedral angle of 109.5°. However, the C–N–H bond angle is slightly larger at 112°, with a carbon–nitrogen bond length of 147 pm. This carbon–nitrogen bond length of of amines is longer than the carbon–oxygen bond of alcohols (143 pm) but shorter than alkanes’ carbon–carbon bond (154 pm). These aspects are illustrated in Figure...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

Published on: May 15, 2020

Natural products containing a nitrogen-nitrogen bond.

Lachlan M Blair¹, Jonathan Sperry

¹School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, 23 Symonds Street, Auckland, New Zealand.

Journal of Natural Products

|April 13, 2013

Summary

Over 200 natural products feature a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond. This study classifies these compounds by structure and reviews their isolation and biological effects.

Area of Science:

Organic Chemistry
Natural Product Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

Natural products are a rich source of diverse chemical structures.
The nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond is a unique structural motif found in various organic compounds.
Understanding the prevalence and properties of N-N containing natural products is crucial for drug discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To comprehensively review and categorize natural products containing a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond.
To detail the isolation methods for these N-N containing compounds.
To summarize the known biological activities of these natural products.

Main Methods:

Literature search for natural products reported to contain N-N bonds up to early 2013.
Classification of identified compounds based on their core structural features.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

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Nitrogen Compound Characterization in Fuels by Multidimensional Gas Chromatography

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

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On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

On-line Analysis of Nitrogen Containing Compounds in Complex Hydrocarbon Matrixes

Published on: August 5, 2016

Compilation of data on isolation procedures and reported biological activities.

Main Results:

Over 200 natural products with a nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond were identified.
These compounds were categorized into distinct structural classes.
Information on their isolation and a summary of their biological activities were compiled.

Conclusions:

The nitrogen-nitrogen (N-N) bond is present in a significant number of natural products.
This review provides a valuable resource for researchers in natural product chemistry and drug discovery.
Further investigation into N-N containing natural products may yield novel therapeutic agents.