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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Errors in Taping01:18

Errors in Taping

Errors in taping arise from multiple factors that can significantly impact measurement accuracy in surveying. Misalignment of the tape, often due to human error, is one primary source. A skilled rear tapeman, using a telescope, can help correct alignment by guiding the head tapeman; however, human limitations still lead to small inaccuracies. These errors may include misplacement of pins or inaccurate tape readings due to common visual confusions, such as mistaking a six for a nine. Such...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now?
Genome Copying Errors02:46

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a long stretch of wrong bases may get added to the daughter strands. If the errors are left unchecked, cells might accumulate several mutations that might endanger their  survival. Therefore, the copying errors are checked and repaired at three levels.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems
06:18

Measurement of Specific Mycobacterial Mistranslation Rates with Gain-of-function Reporter Systems

Published on: April 26, 2019

The ENCODE project: missteps overshadowing a success.

Sean R Eddy1

  • 1HHMI Janelia Farm Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA. eddys@janelia.hhmi.org

Current Biology : CB
|April 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ENCODE project

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • The ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements) project aimed to identify all functional elements in the human genome.
  • Initial ENCODE publicity generated controversy by suggesting that "all the textbooks are wrong" regarding noncoding DNA.
  • Subsequent critiques and media coverage have focused on the project's narrative and academic disputes, overshadowing scientific substance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate the scientific communication surrounding the ENCODE project.
  • To address the misleading narratives about human DNA function and the ENCODE findings.
  • To contextualize ENCODE's results within the broader landscape of big biology and genomic research.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of science journalism coverage of the ENCODE project.
  • Review of published critiques and responses related to ENCODE's findings.
  • Assessment of the impact of media narratives on public and scientific understanding of genomics.

Main Results:

  • ENCODE's initial public narrative oversimplified and misrepresented findings on noncoding DNA.
  • Critiques of ENCODE's communication have sometimes devolved into personal attacks, distracting from scientific discourse.
  • Both the "all textbooks are wrong" and "academic squabble" narratives fail to accurately represent ENCODE's contributions and the complexities of genomic research.

Conclusions:

  • The communication strategies employed by ENCODE and its critics have obscured a nuanced understanding of genome function.
  • Accurate representation of complex genomic data is crucial for scientific progress and public trust.
  • The role and impact of large-scale biological projects like ENCODE require careful and objective scientific reporting.