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Related Concept Videos

Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Electrochemical Systems01:24

Electrochemical Systems

Electrochemical systems provide a fascinating insight into the dynamic interplay of charged species within various phases. One notable example is the interaction between a membrane permeable to K⁺ ions but not to Cl⁻ ions, separating an aqueous KCl solution from pure water. As K⁺ ions diffuse through the membrane, they generate net charges on each phase, leading to a potential difference between them.Similarly, when a piece of Zn is immersed in an aqueous ZnSO₄ solution, the Zn metal, composed...
Network Function of a Circuit01:25

Network Function of a Circuit

Frequency response analysis in electrical circuits provides vital insights into a circuit's behavior as the frequency of the input signal changes. The transfer function, a mathematical tool, is instrumental in understanding this behavior. It defines the relationship between phasor output and input and comes in four types: voltage gain, current gain, transfer impedance, and transfer admittance. The critical components of the transfer function are the poles and zeros.
Circuit Terminology01:14

Circuit Terminology

An electrical network is a system composed of interconnected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, an electrical network does not necessarily form a closed path. In other words, while all circuits can be considered networks due to their interconnected nature, not every network qualifies as a circuit.
A circuit, on the other hand, is also an interconnected system of electrical elements but must contain one or more closed paths.
Control Systems: Applications01:25

Control Systems: Applications

Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
In modern vehicles, control systems manage various functions to enhance performance and safety. The steering wheel and accelerator are primary inputs in a car's control system. The direction...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack
07:44

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

Published on: August 15, 2018

Covalent adaptable networks: smart, reconfigurable and responsive network systems.

Christopher J Kloxin1, Christopher N Bowman

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA. cjk@udel.edu

Chemical Society Reviews
|April 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Covalently adaptable networks (CANs) offer reconfigurable, recyclable materials by using reversible covalent bonds. These adaptable polymers can permanently change shape and properties when triggered by stimuli.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack
07:44

Design and Synthesis of a Reconfigurable DNA Accordion Rack

Published on: August 15, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Thermosets are covalently crosslinked polymers that are shape-retentive but unalterable.
  • Their permanent structure limits recyclability, reprocessing, and permanent property modification.
  • Stimuli-responsive gels based on thermosets have temporary volume changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review covalent adaptable networks (CANs) as a new class of reconfigurable polymers.
  • To discuss the chemistry, properties, and stimulus-responsiveness of CANs.
  • To highlight the potential of CANs in advanced material applications.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on CANs and reversible covalent chemistry.
  • Classification of CANs based on bond reversibility mechanisms.
  • Analysis of structure-property relationships in adaptable networks.

Main Results:

  • CANs utilize triggerable, reversible covalent bonds for permanent structural rearrangement.
  • Stimuli like heat, light, or chemical triggers induce re-equilibration of the network.
  • Adaptable structure allows permanent changes in shape, topography, and stress state.

Conclusions:

  • CANs overcome the limitations of traditional thermosets by enabling permanent reconfigurability.
  • Reversible covalent bonds are key to the dynamic and adaptable nature of CANs.
  • CANs represent a significant advancement in designing responsive and recyclable materials.