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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...
Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)02:30

Small interfering RNAs (siRNA)

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
In the cytoplasm, siRNA is processed from a double-stranded RNA, which comes from either endogenous DNA transcription or exogenous sources like a virus. This double-stranded RNA is then cleaved by the ATP-dependent...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method
09:06

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method

Published on: October 7, 2025

Loop-miRs: active microRNAs generated from single-stranded loop regions.

Julia Winter1, Steffen Link, Dominik Witzigmann

  • 1Helmholtz-University-Group Molecular RNA Biology & Cancer, German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, D-69120 Heidelberg.

Nucleic Acids Research
|April 13, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers discovered novel endogenous single-stranded RNAs, termed loop-miRs, originating from human precursor microRNA (miRNA) hairpins. This finding reveals that precursor miRNAs can yield three distinct types of endogenous miRNAs, expanding our understanding of gene regulation.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

MicroRNA Amplification and Recognition through Locked-nucleic-acid In situ Hybridization as a Novel Detection and Quantification Method
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation
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mirMachine: A One-Stop Shop for Plant miRNA Annotation

Published on: May 1, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level.
  • Canonical miRNA biogenesis involves processing of precursor miRNAs into double-stranded RNA duplexes.
  • Existing knowledge suggests all miRNA generation pathways yield double-stranded RNA intermediates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and function of endogenous single-stranded RNAs derived from precursor miRNA structures.
  • To identify novel miRNA species generated from previously uncharacterized regions of pre-miRNA hairpins.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized luciferase assays to assess the activity of identified RNA sequences.
  • Employed immunoprecipitation techniques to confirm the incorporation of these RNAs into RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs).
  • Analyzed human pre-miRNA hairpin structures to identify potential single-stranded RNA generation sites.

Main Results:

  • Provided the first evidence for endogenous, unmodified single-stranded RNAs (loop-miRs) generated from the loop regions of human pre-miRNA hairpins.
  • Validated the biological activity and RISC loading of these novel loop-miRs.
  • Demonstrated that precursor-miRNAs can produce three distinct endogenous miRNA types: guide strand, passenger strand, and loop-miR.

Conclusions:

  • The study expands the repertoire of endogenous miRNAs by identifying loop-miRs.
  • This discovery challenges the paradigm that only double-stranded RNA intermediates yield functional miRNAs.
  • Precursor-miRNAs are a source of at least three distinct endogenous miRNA molecules, impacting gene regulation.