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Related Concept Videos

Antibody Actions01:26

Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
Neutralization
Antibodies can bind to pathogens, preventing them from infecting host cells. This process...
Antibody Structure01:10

Antibody Structure

Overview
Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins (Ig), are essential players of the adaptive immune system. These antigen-binding proteins are produced by B cells and make up 20 percent of the total blood plasma by weight. In mammals, antibodies fall into five different classes, which each elicits a different biological response upon antigen binding.
The Y-Shaped Structure of Antibodies Consists of Four Polypeptide Chains
Antibodies consist of four polypeptide chains: two identical heavy...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Antibody Structure and Classes01:25

Antibody Structure and Classes

Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
The basic structure of an antibody consists of four protein chains: two identical heavy chains and two identical light chains. These chains are held together by disulfide bonds and other non-covalent interactions, forming a Y-shaped structure.

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Blood-Derived RNA- and microRNA-Hydrolyzing IgG Antibodies in Schizophrenia Patients.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia·2018
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[Exceptional Diversity of Catalytic Antibodies with Varying Activity in the Blood of Autoimmune and Viral Disease Patients].

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Level of Blood Cell-Free Circulating Mitochondrial DNA as a Novel Biomarker of Acute Myocardial Ischemia.

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Features of hydrolysis of specific and nonspecific globular proteins and oligopeptides by antibodies against viral integrase from blood of HIV-infected patients.

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Polyreactivity of natural antibodies: exchange by HL-fragments.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia·2014
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Diversity of integrase-hydrolyzing IgGs and IgMs from sera of HIV-infected patients.

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia·2011

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay
07:52

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay

Published on: September 10, 2018

Natural antibodies to nucleic acids.

V N Buneva1, M A Krasnorutskii, G A Nevinsky

  • 1Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia. nevinsky@niboch.nsc.ru

Biochemistry. Biokhimiia
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Autoantibodies to DNA and RNA, including catalytic abzymes, are early indicators of autoimmune diseases. This review explores their generation and diverse roles in health and pathology.

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Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay
07:52

Detection of Antibodies That Neutralize the Cellular Uptake of Enzyme Replacement Therapies with a Cell-based Assay

Published on: September 10, 2018

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells
13:01

Anti-Nuclear Antibody Screening Using HEp-2 Cells

Published on: June 23, 2014

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals
08:49

Printed Glycan Array: A Sensitive Technique for the Analysis of the Repertoire of Circulating Anti-carbohydrate Antibodies in Small Animals

Published on: February 14, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Healthy blood has low autoantibody levels against DNA and RNA.
  • Elevated autoantibodies to DNA/RNA are linked to autoimmune diseases and infections.
  • Catalytic autoantibodies (abzymes) with DNase/RNase activity can indicate early autoimmune disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms generating anti-DNA and anti-RNA antibodies and abzymes.
  • To discuss the role and diversity of these autoantibodies in normal and pathological states.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on autoantibodies and abzymes.
  • Analysis of mechanisms for autoantibody generation.
  • Discussion of autoantibody diversity and function.

Main Results:

  • Autoantibodies to DNA and RNA, including catalytic forms, are found in various conditions.
  • Mechanisms for their generation in normal and diseased states are proposed.
  • The diversity of these autoantibodies suggests complex roles in immunity and disease.

Conclusions:

  • Anti-DNA and anti-RNA autoantibodies, especially catalytic abzymes, are significant biomarkers.
  • Understanding their generation and diversity is crucial for diagnosing and managing autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate their functional roles.