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Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

Published on: July 19, 2007

Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with atopic dermatitis.

Dana Malajian¹, Donald V Belsito

¹Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA.

Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology

|April 16, 2013

Summary

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are more likely to experience positive patch tests for metal allergens like nickel, cobalt, and chromium compared to nonatopic individuals. This suggests a link between AD and metal contact hypersensitivity.

Keywords:

AD CDTH FLG NACDG North American Contact Dermatitis Group T helper cell TLR Th Toll-like receptor allergy atopic dermatitis atopic eczema chromium cobalt contact dermatitis cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity filaggrin hypersensitivity nickel patch testing

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Induction and Monitoring of Active Delayed Type Hypersensitivity (DTH) in Rats

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Published on: July 19, 2007

Induction and Monitoring of Adoptive Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in Rats

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Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Contact Hypersensitivity as a Murine Model of Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Published on: September 26, 2022

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Allergology
Immunology

Background:

The connection between atopic dermatitis (AD) and delayed-type hypersensitivity in the skin remains unclear.
Existing literature provides inconclusive evidence regarding this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare patch test reaction rates to standard allergens between patients with and without AD.
To determine if patients with atopic conditions are more prone to positive reactions to specific allergen classes.

Main Methods:

Patch testing was performed on 2305 patients using the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) standard screening series.
The study assessed positive patch test reactions in 297 patients with AD and 2008 patients without AD.
Statistical analysis utilized a chi-squared test with Yates continuity correction.

Main Results:

Patients with AD showed a statistically significant higher likelihood of positive patch tests compared to nonatopic individuals.
Atopic dermatitis was associated with contact hypersensitivity to nickel, cobalt, and chromium.
No significant association was found between AD and contact sensitization to fragrances.

Conclusions:

Patients with atopic dermatitis are significantly more prone to positive patch test reactions than nonatopic individuals.
A notable association exists between atopic dermatitis and hypersensitivity to metal allergens.
The study was limited to patients suspected of allergic contact dermatitis and a specific geographic region.