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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
Veins of Head and Neck01:19

Veins of Head and Neck

The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
On the other hand, the vertebral veins, unlike their arterial counterparts, are not primarily responsible for brain drainage. Instead, they drain the cervical vertebrae, spinal cord, and some small...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Headache attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disorders.

Siddharth Kapoor1

  • 1University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA. sidkapoor@uky.edu

Current Pain and Headache Reports
|April 16, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Headaches can signal serious cranial or cervical vascular diseases, including vasculitis. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent disability, though management remains challenging.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Vascular Medicine
  • Headache Medicine

Background:

  • Cranial and cervical vascular diseases frequently manifest as headaches, ranging from subarachnoid hemorrhage to tension-type headache.
  • These headaches can be the sole indicator of serious conditions like vasculitis, necessitating a high clinical suspicion.
  • Delayed diagnosis and treatment of secondary headaches can lead to permanent disability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the diagnosis and management of secondary headaches attributed to cranial or cervical vascular disease.
  • To highlight the importance of clinical suspicion in identifying potentially serious underlying vascular disorders.
  • To discuss the challenges and controversies in treating these conditions.

Main Methods:

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Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
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Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache
05:40

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

Published on: July 29, 2021

  • Literature review of recent studies on secondary headaches.
  • Analysis of diagnostic criteria and imaging techniques for vascular causes.
  • Evaluation of current treatment strategies and their efficacy.

    • Main Results:

    • Recent advances have improved diagnostic accuracy for vascular-related secondary headaches.
    • Treatment protocols are evolving, but many remain controversial due to limited high-quality evidence.
    • Effective management strategies are crucial for preventing long-term neurological deficits.

    Conclusions:

    • Secondary headaches associated with cranial or cervical vascular disease require prompt recognition and management.
    • Further research is needed to establish evidence-based treatment guidelines.
    • A multidisciplinary approach is often necessary for optimal patient outcomes.