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Polygenic Traits

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...

Polygenic Traits

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

X-linked Traits

X-linked Traits

In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.

Epistasis Analysis

Epistasis Analysis

Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

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Updated: May 12, 2026

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Published on: May 12, 2016

Expression quantitative trait loci and the PhenoGen database.

Laura Saba¹, Paula L Hoffman, Cheryl Hornbaker

¹Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado-Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.

Alcohol Research & Health : the Journal of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism

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Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High-throughput screening identifies candidate genes for phenotypes. This study presents a method and database to refine these gene lists, pinpointing those most relevant to the observed trait.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Why Quantification Matters: Characterization of Phenotypes at the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

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Published on: May 12, 2016

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies (Mo-GWAS): Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Large-Scale Multi-Omics Genome-Wide Association Studies (Mo-GWAS): Guidelines for Sample Preparation and Normalization

Published on: July 27, 2021

Area of Science:

Genomics
Bioinformatics
Molecular Biology

Background:

High-throughput screening, including microarray technologies, is widely used to identify genes associated with specific phenotypes.
Initial microarray analyses often produce numerous candidate genes, necessitating further investigation to isolate relevant ones.
Distinguishing true phenotype-associated genes from background noise is crucial for biological discovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a method for narrowing down candidate genes identified through microarray analysis.
To introduce a database that aids in the analysis of microarray data for gene selection.
To facilitate the identification of genes underlying specific phenotypes.

Main Methods:

Explanation of microarray data generation processes.
Description of a candidate gene selection approach following initial screening.
Utilization of a specialized database for data analysis and candidate gene refinement.

Main Results:

The study outlines a systematic approach to reduce the number of candidate genes.
A database is presented as a tool to support the analysis and selection of relevant genes.
The described method aims to improve the accuracy of identifying phenotype-associated genes.

Conclusions:

Additional analyses are essential to validate candidate genes from high-throughput screening.
The presented approach and database offer valuable tools for researchers in gene discovery.
Effective gene selection strategies are key to understanding the genetic basis of phenotypes.