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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment primarily uses...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations01:19

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

[Insulin therapy among inpatients].

Sylvie Feldman-Billard1, Jean-Jacques Altman

  • 1CHNO des Quinze-Vingts, service de médecine interne, 28, rue de Charenton, 75571 Paris cedex 12, France. s.feldman@quinze-vingts.fr

Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983)
|April 17, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study outlines a protocol for managing hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients, focusing on individualized glucose targets and basal-bolus insulin regimens to prevent hypoglycemia. It emphasizes staff training and HbA1c monitoring for improved post-discharge care.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Endocrinology
  • Hospital Medicine
  • Diabetes Management

Background:

  • Hospital-related hyperglycemia is common and associated with adverse outcomes.
  • Current management often relies on suboptimal 'sliding scale insulin' protocols.
  • Effective inpatient glucose control requires structured protocols and staff education.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish clear protocols for managing hyperglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic hospitalized patients.
  • To define individualized blood glucose targets based on clinical status.
  • To implement a basal-bolus insulin regimen and avoid sliding scales.

Main Methods:

  • Identification of patients with diabetes or hospital-induced hyperglycemia.
  • Development of insulin protocols (basal, bolus, supplemental) tailored to clinical state.
  • Implementation of glucose monitoring and staff training.
  • HbA1c measurement during hospitalization for discharge planning.
  • Organization of post-discharge follow-up.

Main Results:

  • The protocol aims to optimize glycemic control and minimize hypoglycemia, especially with intravenous insulin in intensive care.
  • Standardized protocols and training enhance glucose monitoring accuracy and patient safety.
  • HbA1c testing facilitates continuity of care post-discharge.

Conclusions:

  • A structured approach using basal-bolus insulin, individualized targets, and staff training improves inpatient hyperglycemia management.
  • This strategy helps prevent hypoglycemia and ensures better long-term diabetes care planning.
  • Effective hospital glucose management requires comprehensive protocols and organized follow-up.