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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
Viruses of Archaea01:29

Viruses of Archaea

Archaeal viruses play a crucial role in the ecosystems of extremophilic archaea, particularly those belonging to the phyla Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota. By shaping host evolution and facilitating gene transfer, these viruses influence microbial communities and contribute to genetic diversity in extreme environments. The archaea they infect thrive in acidic hot springs and hydrothermal vents characterized by high temperatures and low pH. Archaeal viruses exhibit remarkable structural...

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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds

Published on: October 29, 2015

Emerging viral infections.

Michael R Wilson1

  • 1Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. michaelneuro@gmail.com

Current Opinion in Neurology
|April 18, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emerging viruses like henipaviruses and enterovirus 71 are causing encephalitis outbreaks globally. Research advances include new vaccines and understanding virus spread and brain region susceptibility.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Early Viral Entry Assays for the Identification and Evaluation of Antiviral Compounds
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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Viral encephalitis remains a significant global health concern.
  • Emerging viruses pose evolving threats, necessitating continuous research.
  • Understanding viral pathogenesis and spread is crucial for prevention and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in emerging viral encephalitis research.
  • To highlight new findings on viral epidemiology and outbreaks.
  • To discuss progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies published within the past year.
  • Analysis of research on viral causes, epidemiology, and pathogenesis.
  • Synthesis of findings on outbreaks, diagnostics, and countermeasures.

Main Results:

  • New evidence links henipaviruses to African bats; advances in Hendra and Nipah virus vaccines and antibodies.
  • West Nile virus outbreaks persist in the US, with increasing recognition of long-term effects.
  • Research explores differential brain region susceptibility to neurotropic viruses; lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus transmitted via organ donation.
  • Japanese encephalitis virus epidemiology clarified; growing evidence for dengue virus CNS involvement; enterovirus 71 outbreak in Cambodia detailed.

Conclusions:

  • Viral encephalitis epidemiology is dynamic, influenced by ecological and societal factors.
  • Recent research provides critical insights into virus spread, novel outbreaks, and host-pathogen interactions.
  • Progress in vaccine and therapeutic development offers hope for managing emerging viral encephalitis threats.