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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus

The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

Bones of the Upper Limb: Ulna

The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side of the...

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...

Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris group...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

[Elbow replacement].

N Mora-Navarro¹, J Sánchez-Sotelo

¹Departamento de Cirugía Ortopédica, Clínica Mayo, Rochester, Estados Unidos.

Revista Espanola De Cirugia Ortopedica Y Traumatologia

|April 19, 2013

Summary

Elbow replacement surgery effectively treats joint destruction but requires specialized surgical skills. Surgeons must be aware of potential complications like infections and mechanical failures for optimal patient outcomes.

Area of Science:

Orthopaedic Surgery
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Elbow replacement (arthroplasty) is a viable treatment for significant joint destruction.
A knowledge gap exists among orthopaedic surgeons regarding elbow replacement techniques and implants.
Complication rates, including infection and mechanical failure, are higher than in other joint replacements.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize current concepts in elbow replacement surgery.
To highlight the importance of surgical familiarity and complication awareness.

Main Methods:

Literature review of current elbow replacement concepts.
Analysis of indications and complications.

Main Results:

Rheumatoid arthritis is a primary indication, with fractures and post-traumatic conditions increasing.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Surgeons' unfamiliarity with techniques can lead to suboptimal outcomes.

Key complications include infections, mechanical failure, and nerve issues.

Conclusions:

Elbow replacement is a valuable procedure but demands specialized surgical expertise.
Addressing surgeon education and complication management is crucial for improving arthroplasty success rates.