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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

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Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme nitrate reductase...

Glucose Transporters

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur Assimilation

Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino Acid Biosynthetic Pathways

Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which provide...

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

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ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Published on: February 27, 2016

Sirt4: the glutamine gatekeeper.

Pablo J Fernandez-Marcos¹, Manuel Serrano

¹Tumor Suppression Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.

|April 20, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

DNA damage response relies on blocking glutamine metabolism via SIRT4. Failure to inhibit glutamine consumption causes uncontrolled cell growth, genomic instability, and cancer development.

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Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Published on: July 31, 2014

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Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Deacetylation Assays to Unravel the Interplay between Sirtuins (SIRT2) and Specific Protein-substrates

Published on: February 27, 2016

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Glutamine Flux Imaging Using Genetically Encoded Sensors

Published on: July 31, 2014

Area of Science:

Molecular biology
Cancer research
Metabolic pathways

Background:

The intricate relationship between DNA damage and cellular metabolism remains largely unexplored.
Understanding these connections is crucial for developing novel cancer therapies.

Discussion:

Jeong and colleagues identify SIRT4 as a key regulator in the DNA damage response.
SIRT4 mediates the blockade of glutamine catabolism, a critical metabolic process.
This finding highlights a novel mechanism linking DNA integrity to metabolic control.

Key Insights:

The DNA damage response involves the suppression of glutamine metabolism through SIRT4.
Disruption of this SIRT4-mediated blockade leads to uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Failure to halt glutamine consumption results in genomic instability and promotes tumorigenesis.

Outlook:

Further research into SIRT4's role could reveal new therapeutic targets for cancer.
Investigating the metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells offers potential for targeted interventions.
This study opens new avenues for understanding cancer development and progression.