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Preclinical Development: Overview01:28

Preclinical Development: Overview

Preclinical development consists of a series of tests that ensure the safety and efficacy of a new therapeutic compound before it is tested in humans. There are four main phases to this process. First, safety pharmacology tests are conducted to ensure the drug does not produce any acutely harmful effects. These tests examine parameters such as bronchoconstriction, cardiac dysrhythmias, blood pressure changes, and ataxia. Next, preliminary toxicological testing is performed to determine the...
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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Updated: May 12, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
10:17

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

Developing a competency-based educational structure within clinical and translational science.

Terri Collin Dilmore1, Debra W Moore, Zuleikha Bjork

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Clinical and Translational Science
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Establishing competence standards is crucial for clinical and translational science (CTS) physician-scientists. This paper outlines a systematic process for developing a competency-based educational framework in a CTS graduate program.

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience
10:17

Improving Student Outcomes with an Adaptable Molecular Cloning Course-Based Undergraduate Research Experience

Published on: November 15, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Clinical and Translational Science (CTS)
  • Medical Education
  • Physician-Scientist Training

Background:

  • Clinical and translational science (CTS) integrates basic and clinical research to advance patient care.
  • Defining competencies is essential for physician-scientist training and professional development in CTS.
  • The interdisciplinary nature of CTS research necessitates clear articulation of physician-scientist roles and skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe a systematic process for developing a competency-based educational framework.
  • To address the need for defined standards in physician-scientist education within CTS graduate programs.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic process was employed to develop an educational framework.
  • Focus on defining and articulating unique roles and competencies.
  • Implementation within a specific CTS graduate program at an institution.

Main Results:

  • Development of a structured, competency-based educational framework.
  • Clearer definition of physician-scientist competencies within the CTS program.

Conclusions:

  • A systematic approach can successfully establish a competency-based framework for CTS graduate programs.
  • Such frameworks are vital for preparing competent physician-scientists and advancing the field of CTS.