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Related Concept Videos

Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
Conversely, an irregular pulse pattern is termed dysrhythmia, stemming from disruptions in cardiac muscle...
Imbalances in Cardiac Output01:26

Imbalances in Cardiac Output

The heart's primary function is to pump blood throughout the body, maintaining a balance between blood sent out (cardiac output) and blood returning (venous return). If this balance is disrupted, it can result in congestive heart failure (CHF), a severe condition where the heart becomes an inefficient pump, leading to inadequate blood circulation.
CHF can occur due to the failure of either side of the heart. Left-side failure leads to pulmonary congestion—the right side continues to send blood...
Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume01:11

Cardiac Output and Stroke Volume

Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac output averages...
Pulse01:05

Pulse

The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls between...
Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output

Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
Preload refers to the initial elongation of the cardiac myocytes before contraction and is related to the volume of blood filling the heart at the end of diastole, or end-diastolic volume. The...
Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output01:19

Cardiac Output I:Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output

Cardiac Output
Cardiac output (CO) refers to the total amount of blood ejected by one of the ventricles in liters per minute (L/min). In a resting adult, CO ranges from 5 to 6 L/min, adjusting according to the body's metabolic requirements.
Effect of Heart Rate on Cardiac Output
Cardiac output adapts to metabolic demands during stress, physical activity, or illness. The autonomic nervous system regulates heart rate via the sinoatrial node. The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate...

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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge
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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge

Published on: January 20, 2023

Erroneous continuous cardiac output by calibrated pulse contour analysis.

Jörn Grensemann1, Frank Wappler, Samir G Sakka

  • 1Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Center Cologne-Merheim, University Witten/Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Str. 200, 51109, Köln, Germany, grensemannj@kliniken-koeln.de.

Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Pulse contour analysis for cardiac output monitoring can fail during tachycardia. Always visually verify the pulse pressure waveform to prevent inaccurate patient treatment.

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Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
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Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

Published on: November 20, 2016

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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge
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Continuous Venous-Arterial Doppler Ultrasound During a Preload Challenge

Published on: January 20, 2023

Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage
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Integrated Compensatory Responses in a Human Model of Hemorrhage

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Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Pulse contour analysis (PCA) enables beat-to-beat monitoring of cardiac output (CO) in critically ill patients.
  • Accurate CO calculation relies on a valid pulse pressure waveform and correct systolic phase identification by monitoring devices.

Observation:

  • A case demonstrated monitor failure to identify the systolic phase during tachycardia.
  • This resulted in erroneous continuous cardiac output (CCO) readings.

Findings:

  • Tachycardia can disrupt the accurate identification of the systolic waveform component.
  • Inaccurate waveform analysis leads to false CCO values.

Implications:

  • Visual inspection of the pulse pressure waveform is essential before acting on CCO data.
  • Clinicians must be aware of potential PCA system limitations, especially during rapid heart rates.
  • Ensuring waveform integrity is critical for safe and effective hemodynamic management.