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Related Concept Videos

The Availability Heuristic01:08

The Availability Heuristic

A heuristic is a general problem-solving framework (Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). You can think of these as mental shortcuts that are used to solve problems. Different types of heuristics are used in different types of situations, and the impulse to use a heuristic occurs when one of five conditions is met (Pratkanis, 1989):

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities
12:33

High-throughput Fluorometric Measurement of Potential Soil Extracellular Enzyme Activities

Published on: November 15, 2013

[Not Available].

K Meyer1, T Müller, R Dietrich

  • 1Lehrstuhl für Tierhygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan.

Mycotoxin Research
|April 23, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was detected in 91% of red wines, with higher contamination in wines from Southern Europe. While MPA and citrinin levels pose no health risk, MPA contamination may indicate production hygiene issues.

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Mycology
  • Analytical Chemistry

Context:

  • Mould infections in vineyards can lead to mycotoxin formation in red wine.
  • Penicillium species are frequently found on grapes and produce important mycotoxins.
  • Mycophenolic acid (MPA), an immunosuppressive metabolite, is produced by many Penicillium species.

Purpose:

  • To investigate the occurrence and levels of mycophenolic acid (MPA) and citrinin in red wines.
  • To determine if wine contamination depends on vintage or origin.
  • To assess potential health risks and implications for production hygiene.

Summary:

  • Mycophenolic acid (MPA) was detected in 91% of 44 red wine samples using ELISA and LC-MS.
  • MPA concentrations varied, with a maximum of 130 ng/ml, but most samples had 3-20 ng/ml.
  • Contamination levels were linked to wine origin (higher in Southern Europe) rather than vintage. Citrinin was not detected.

Impact:

  • Detected MPA and citrinin levels suggest no significant health concerns for consumers.
  • MPA contamination levels in red wine may serve as a valuable indicator of production hygiene.
  • Findings highlight the importance of monitoring mycotoxins in winemaking processes.