Identification of NephrotoxicPenicillium Species from Cereal Grains

A system is described for identifying grain-inhabiting nephrotoxicPenicillium spp. based on their colony characters on Czapek yeast extract agar, yeast extract sucrose agar, and malt extract agar media, and their secondary metabolite profiles on thin layer chromatography plates. Using this system, the identity of 11Penicillium species, or their chemotypes, producing nephrotoxic metabolites could be confirmed. The species areP. verrucosum chemotype I, P.verrucosum chemotype II,P. expansum, P. citrinum, P. aurantiogriseum, P. freii, P. tricolor, P. polonicum, P. viridicatum, P. cyclopium, and P. melanoconldlum. Other non-nephrotoxicPenicillium species present on stored grains were separated from nephrotoxic species by their colony characters and metabolite profiles.