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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique helps...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay02:27

Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Upf proteins that carry out nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) are found in all eukaryotic organisms, including humans. Each protein has an individual role, but they need to work in collaboration. Upf1 is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that unwinds the RNA helix. Because Upf1 can unwind any RNA, Upf2 and Upf3 are required to help Upf1 discriminate between nonsense and normal mRNAs.
Usually, Upf3 binds to an Exon Junction Complex (EJC) at mRNA splice sites. If a ribosome fully translates the mRNA,...
Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing02:41

Chromatin Structure Regulates pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
The chromatin structure, especially...
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Prokaryotic Gene Structure and Organization

Prokaryotic genomes exhibit a streamlined organization of coding and non-coding regions essential for gene expression and protein synthesis. While coding regions contain the genetic instructions for proteins or functional RNAs, non-coding regions regulate the precise transcription and translation of these genes.Coding Regions: Proteins and RNAsThe primary coding regions, known as structural genes, include sequences transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) and ultimately translated into...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
09:37

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis

Published on: July 12, 2022

A perspective on mammalian upstream open reading frame function.

Joanna Somers1, Tuija Pöyry, Anne E Willis

  • 1Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, Leicester, United Kingdom. jks30@le.ac.uk

The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are common RNA elements regulating gene expression by repressing translation. This review explores their diverse mechanisms and the trans-acting factors involved.

Keywords:
4E-binding proteins4EBPsAdoMetDCSEMCVEifIRESNMDProtein synthesisRRLSNPTHPOTranslational controlUTRUpstream open reading frameadenosyl-methionine decarboxylaseencephalomyocarditis viruseukaryotic initiation factorinternal ribosome entry segmentnonsense mediated decayrabbit reticulocyte lysatesingle nucleotide polymorphismthrombopoietinuORFuntranslated regionupstream open reading frame

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

An Integrated Approach for Microprotein Identification and Sequence Analysis
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De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analyses Using the OpenProt Database to Unveil Novel Proteins Translated from Non-Canonical Open Reading Frames
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analyses Using the OpenProt Database to Unveil Novel Proteins Translated from Non-Canonical Open Reading Frames

Published on: April 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Post-transcriptional control significantly impacts gene expression.
  • Regulatory RNA motifs and their protein partners mediate cytoplasmic gene regulation.
  • Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are prevalent in mammalian mRNAs (~40%) but poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of uORF function in gene expression.
  • To highlight common features of uORF RNA motifs.
  • To explore mechanisms controlling protein synthesis from uORF-containing mRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on uORF function.
  • Analysis of regulatory RNA motifs in mRNA 5' and 3' untranslated regions.
  • Investigation of protein/RNA interactions in gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • uORFs generally repress translation of the main open reading frame (ORF).
  • Repression by uORFs can be alleviated under pathophysiological stress.
  • Multiple mechanisms, including re-initiation, control protein synthesis from uORF mRNAs.

Conclusions:

  • uORFs are key regulators of gene expression with diverse functional mechanisms.
  • Understanding uORF function is crucial for comprehending post-transcriptional control.
  • Further research is needed to define the trans-acting factors involved in uORF regulation.