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Related Concept Videos

Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Visual Agnosia01:12

Visual Agnosia

Visual agnosia is a condition characterized by the inability to recognize visually presented objects despite having normal vision. For instance, a person with visual agnosia can describe the shape and color of an object but cannot identify or name it. This impairment does not affect their visual field, acuity, color vision, brightness discrimination, language, or memory. An example of this condition in a social setting is someone at a dinner party asking for "that silver thing with a round end"...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...
Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

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Related Experiment Video

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Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
07:08

Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings

Published on: August 1, 2018

Selectivity for large nonmanipulable objects in scene-selective visual cortex does not require visual experience.

Chenxi He1, Marius V Peelen, Zaizhu Han

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, China.

Neuroimage
|April 30, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Object representation in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) can develop without visual experience. Large object selectivity in the parahippocampal place area (PPA) and its connectivity with navigation regions do not require sight.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The organization of object representations in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) is not fully understood.
  • The parahippocampal place area (PPA) selectively responds to scenes and large, nonmanipulable objects, potentially for navigation.
  • The role of visual experience in developing this PPA selectivity is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether PPA selectivity for large objects depends on visual experience.
  • To explore the neural basis of object representation in the VTC in both sighted and congenitally blind individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Auditory size judgment experiments were conducted with sighted and congenitally blind participants using large objects, tools, and animals.
  • Sighted participants also underwent a picture-viewing experiment.
  • Resting-state functional connectivity was assessed in both groups.

Main Results:

  • PPA selectivity for large nonmanipulable objects was observed in sighted individuals viewing pictures, replicating prior work.
  • This selectivity was also present in both sighted and congenitally blind groups during the auditory experiment.
  • Selectivity for large objects and functional connectivity between PPA, retrosplenial complex (RSC), and transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) were found in both groups, irrespective of visual experience.

Conclusions:

  • Large object selectivity in the PPA and its connectivity with navigation-related regions (RSC, TOS) do not necessitate visual experience.
  • These findings suggest that VTC organization can develop, in part, without visual input.
  • Object representation in the brain can be shaped by non-visual sensory information.