Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 11, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange
Published on: June 23, 2023
Transition metal-catalyzed functionalization of pyrazines
Nicolai I Nikishkin1, Jurriaan Huskens, Willem Verboom
1Laboratory of Molecular Nanofabrication, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
Transition metal catalysis enables key carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formations in pyrazines. This review covers recent advances in palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for pyrazine functionalization.
Area of Science:
- Organic Chemistry
- Catalysis
- Heterocyclic Chemistry
Background:
- Pyrazines are important nitrogen-containing heterocycles with diverse applications.
- Traditional methods for pyrazine functionalization are often limited.
- Transition metal catalysis offers powerful tools for modifying pyrazine structures.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions for pyrazine systems.
- To highlight key methodologies for carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bond formation on pyrazines.
- To serve as a valuable resource for researchers in synthetic organic chemistry.
Main Methods:
- Review of literature on transition metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving pyrazines.
- Focus on palladium-catalyzed reactions such as Sonogashira, Heck, Suzuki, and Stille couplings.
- Inclusion of methods for C-X bond formation.
Main Results:
- Detailed discussion of various C-C bond-forming reactions on pyrazine scaffolds.
- Presentation of established and emerging C-X bond formation strategies.
- Identification of the most significant and widely applicable methodologies.
Conclusions:
- Transition metal catalysis has significantly expanded the synthetic utility of pyrazines.
- Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are pivotal for pyrazine functionalization.
- Further development in this area promises novel applications for pyrazine derivatives.
More Related Videos
10:17Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of α-Imino γ-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones
Published on: February 7, 2019
09:58Metal-free Synthesis of Ynones from Acyl Chlorides and Potassium Alkynyltrifluoroborate Salts
Published on: February 24, 2015
Related Concept Videos
Diazonium Group Substitution with Halogens and Cyanide: Sandmeyer and Schiemann Reactions
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling
Diazonium Group Substitution: –OH and –H
Preparation of Nitriles
Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Mechanism