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Related Concept Videos

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction mixture.
Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones01:04

Structures of Aldehydes and Ketones

Vanillin—a flavoring agent in vanilla, cinnamaldehyde—a molecule responsible for the distinct smell of cinnamon, and acetone—a strong-smelling ingredient in nail polish removers, all belong to a class of carbonyl compounds called aldehydes and ketones (Figure 1). Although both aldehydes and ketones contain the characteristic carbonyl (C=O) bond, their chemical structures vary with respect to the groups directly attached to the carbonyl carbon.
In aldehydes (Figures 1a and 1b), the carbonyl...
IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes01:16

IUPAC Nomenclature of Aldehydes

Aldehydes are named based on the systematic nomenclature rules set by the IUPAC. For acyclic aldehydes, the longest carbon chain containing the aldehydic (–CHO) group is considered the parent chain. The aldehyde is named by replacing the last letter “e” in the hydrocarbon name with “al”. For instance, a simple, seven-carbon-membered acyclic aldehyde is called heptanal, derived from heptane. The carbon chain is numbered starting from the aldehydic carbon, although the aldehydic carbon’s locant...
Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis

Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview01:10

C–C Bond Formation: Aldol Condensation Overview

Aldol condensation is an important route in synthetic organic chemistry used to generate a new carbon–carbon bond under basic or acidic conditions. The aldol condensation reaction presented in Figure 1 constitutes an aldol addition reaction followed by the dehydration process.
Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation01:14

Dehydration of Aldols to Enals: Base-Catalyzed Aldol Condensation

This lesson delves into the aldol condensation catalyzed by bases, where aldols undergo dehydration to enals. As shown in Figure 1, the β-hydroxy aldehyde formed in a base-catalyzed aldol addition reaction dehydrates on heating to yield an unsaturated carbonyl product, which is commonly referred to as an enal.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
06:52

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

(E)-2-Hy-droxy-cinnamaldehyde.

Ki-Tae Kang1, Sung-Gon Kim

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 443-760, Republic of Korea.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|May 2, 2013
PubMed
Summary

This study details the crystal structure of a C9H8O2 compound, revealing two independent, nearly planar molecules. These molecules form infinite chains through hydrogen bonding in the crystal lattice.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Molecular Structure

Background:

  • Understanding molecular arrangements in crystals is crucial for predicting material properties.
  • The specific compound C9H8O2 has not been extensively studied in terms of its solid-state structure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound C9H8O2.
  • To describe the molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions within the crystal.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of bond lengths, bond angles, and intermolecular distances was performed.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains two independent, essentially planar molecules of C9H8O2.

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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
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Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile
06:52

Synthesis of Esters Via a Greener Steglich Esterification in Acetonitrile

Published on: October 30, 2018

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate
06:46

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Published on: June 21, 2017

  • The vinyl-aldehyde groups exhibit extended conformations with an E-configured C=C double bond.
  • Intermolecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into infinite chains along the [101] direction.

    • Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing of C9H8O2 is governed by hydrogen bonding, leading to a specific one-dimensional chain structure.
    • The planar nature and conformation of the molecules are key features of this crystalline arrangement.