Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Immunological Memory

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Microbial induction of MHC-II expression in colon cancer cells overcomes immunotherapy resistance and limits metastasis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Single-cell detection and quantification of the microbiota by MicFLY.

Cell host & microbe·2026

Same author

Microbiota-dependent interferon-λ controls immunity of the uterus and maternal-fetal interface.

Research square·2026

Same author

Bone marrow B cell collapse promotes bone metastasis in breast cancer.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Ketogenic diet synergistic reprogramming of both host and microbiome promotes tissue regeneration.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

IL-9 and Blimp-1 protect the transcriptional identity of group 2 innate lymphocytes in allergic asthma.

Nature immunology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

Effector and memory T cell responses to commensal bacteria.

Yasmine Belkaid¹, Nicolas Bouladoux, Timothy W Hand

¹Mucosal Immunology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, NIH, Bethesda 20892, USA. ybelkaid@niaid.nih.gov

Trends in Immunology

|May 7, 2013

Summary

The immune system manages vast antigens from commensal organisms. Dysregulation of T cell responses to these microbes can cause severe disease.

More Related Videos

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Application of Long-term cultured Interferon-γ Enzyme-linked Immunospot Assay for Assessing Effector and Memory T Cell Responses in Cattle

Published on: July 11, 2015

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

T Cells Capture Bacteria by Transinfection from Dendritic Cells

Published on: January 13, 2016

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

In Vitro Resident Memory CD8 T Cell Differentiation Using Epithelial Organoid-T Cell Co-culture System

Published on: February 3, 2026

Area of Science:

Immunology
Microbiology
Microbiome research

Background:

Barrier surfaces host numerous commensal organisms with millions of proteins and potential antigens.
Immune system regulation is challenged by this high antigenic load.
Specialized lymphocytes maintain barrier function and tolerance to commensals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the regulatory mechanisms governing immune responses to commensal antigens.
To discuss how dysregulation of these responses can lead to pathology.

Main Methods:

This is a review article, synthesizing existing research.
It discusses immunological principles and cellular mechanisms.

Main Results:

Regulatory mechanisms involving resident lymphocytes normally control T cell responses to commensals.
Infection and inflammation compromise these regulatory systems.
Dysregulated effector responses against commensal bacteria can occur.

Conclusions:

Understanding the control of commensal-specific T cells is crucial.
Disruption of immune tolerance to commensals has severe pathological consequences.