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Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice
10:01

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

Published on: October 17, 2018

Progress in VZV vaccination? Some concerns.

H W Doerr1

  • 1Institute of Medical Virology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. H.W.Doerr@em.uni-frankfurt.de

Medical Microbiology and Immunology
|May 8, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Varicella (chickenpox) vaccination has reduced childhood cases but may increase shingles risk in adults. Optimized varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines are needed for better protection, especially for the elderly and immunocompromised.

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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
09:13

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Published on: November 1, 2011

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Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice
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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation
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Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

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Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy
09:13

Using Reverse Genetics to Manipulate the NSs Gene of the Rift Valley Fever Virus MP-12 Strain to Improve Vaccine Safety and Efficacy

Published on: November 1, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Widespread varicella vaccination since 1995 aims to replace natural immunity with vaccine-induced immunity.
  • Childhood varicella cases have decreased, but concerns exist about potential increases in herpes zoster (shingles) in older adults due to waning immunity and lack of natural boosting.
  • Incomplete vaccination coverage (<90%) may shift VZV infections from children to young adults, leading to more severe complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the impact of varicella vaccination strategies on varicella and herpes zoster (shingles) epidemiology.
  • To highlight the need for optimized varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines and vaccination strategies.
  • To address the challenges in protecting specific populations, including the elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological trends in varicella and herpes zoster.
  • Analysis of vaccine efficacy and limitations in different age groups.
  • Evaluation of current vaccination strategies and their public health implications.

Main Results:

  • Vaccination has significantly reduced childhood varicella.
  • Potential for increased herpes zoster morbidity in the elderly due to diminished immunity.
  • Existing adult VZV vaccines show variable efficacy, and an effective inactivated vaccine for immunocompromised individuals is lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing VZV vaccines and vaccination strategies is crucial.
  • Addressing the needs of the elderly and immunocompromised is essential to prevent increased VZV disease burden.
  • Balancing the benefits of childhood varicella reduction with potential increases in adult VZV diseases requires careful planning.