[Anatomy and anatomical foundations of urethral surgery]

To achieve an optimal outcome after urethral reconstructive surgery knowledge of urethral and urogenital anatomy is mandatory. It is necessary to know the anatomical characteristics of grafts and flaps to achieve successful surgical results. An ideal graft is not yet available and an optimal surgical outcome depends on the technique of harvesting, graft handling and histological transplant characteristics. Surgical technique and experience are building a successful urethral surgery out of the challenge.