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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by the...
Production of Pharmaceuticals01:30

Production of Pharmaceuticals

Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention01:05

Bioavailability Enhancement: Drug Stability Enhancement and GI Retention

Improving a drug's stability in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is paramount for enhancing its bioavailability and therapeutic effectiveness. Various strategies are employed to protect the drug from the harsh gastric milieu and to ensure its release and absorption at the desired site within the GI tract.Polymer coatings are one such method used to shield drugs from the stomach's acidic environment. By preventing premature drug release, these coatings improve the bioavailability of unstable...

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Updated: May 11, 2026

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays
11:17

Comparative Analysis of Human Growth Hormone in Serum Using SPRi, Nano-SPRi and ELISA Assays

Published on: January 7, 2016

Developing long-acting growth hormone formulations.

Pippa Cawley1, Ian Wilkinson, Richard J Ross

  • 1Academic Unit of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Reproduction, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.

Clinical Endocrinology
|May 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Daily growth hormone (GH) injections improve growth but face compliance issues. This review explores long-acting GH agonists and delivery technologies to overcome daily injection challenges.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Daily recombinant growth hormone (GH) therapy is effective for GH deficiency but presents significant challenges.
  • Inconvenient daily injections and distress impact treatment adherence, with compliance problems affecting up to 75% of pediatric patients.
  • Developing safe and effective long-acting GH formulations remains a critical unmet need.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the scientific rationale for developing long-acting GH agonists.
  • To explore current and emerging technologies for delivering prolonged GH exposure.
  • To address the challenges associated with traditional daily GH therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the development of long-acting GH formulations.
  • Analysis of technologies aimed at sustained GH delivery.
  • Examination of the rationale behind GH agonist development.

Main Results:

  • Long-acting GH formulations aim to improve patient compliance and reduce treatment burden.
  • Various technological approaches are being investigated to achieve prolonged GH exposure.
  • Understanding the safety and efficacy of these novel formulations is ongoing.

Conclusions:

  • Long-acting GH therapies offer a promising alternative to daily injections for GH-deficient individuals.
  • Technological advancements are crucial for successful development of sustained-release GH formulations.
  • Further research is needed to confirm the long-term safety and efficacy of these innovative treatments.