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Perception

Perception

Perception is a fundamental psychological process that enables individuals to organize, interpret, and consciously experience sensory information. This process is crucial for understanding and interacting with the world around us. It includes both bottom-up and top-down processing, each playing a distinct role in how we perceive our environment.
Bottom-up processing begins at the sensory level, where receptors detect external environmental stimuli. These could include the tactile sensation of...

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.

Sensation

Sensation

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Factors Affecting Perception

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Subliminal Perception

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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Visualizing Visual Adaptation

Published on: April 24, 2017

Attention and perceptual adaptation.

Ned Block¹, Susanna Siegel

¹Department of Philosophy, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA. ned.block@nyu.edu

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences

|May 14, 2013

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The predictive coding (PC) framework

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Neuroscience
Computational Neuroscience

Background:

The predictive coding (PC) framework is proposed as a unified theory for brain function.
Its applicability to attentional phenomena is a subject of ongoing research and debate.

Purpose of the Study:

To critically evaluate the predictive coding framework's explanatory power for a wide range of attentional phenomena.
To determine if PC offers distinct predictions or explanations for attention beyond existing models.

Main Methods:

Theoretical analysis of the predictive coding framework's core tenets.
Comparison of PC predictions with established findings in attention research.
Identification of specific attentional phenomena where PC's predictions are challenged or lack distinctiveness.

Main Results:

The predictive coding framework makes false predictions for several key attentional phenomena.
In other cases, PC fails to provide explanations that are distinct from existing theories of attention.
The broad application of PC to attention may overstate its current explanatory scope.

Conclusions:

The predictive coding framework's utility in explaining attentional mechanisms is limited.
Further refinement or alternative theoretical approaches may be necessary to fully account for attentional phenomena.
The current formulation of PC may not be a universally applicable model for attention.