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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood
09:47

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

Published on: November 21, 2014

T-cell immunity to human alphaherpesviruses.

Werner J D Ouwendijk1, Kerry J Laing, Georges M G M Verjans

  • 1Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Current Opinion in Virology
|May 14, 2013
PubMed
Summary

Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV) cause lifelong infections. Understanding T-cell responses to these viruses is key to developing new vaccines against recurrent infections.

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Published on: October 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human alphaherpesviruses (αHHV), including HSV-1, HSV-2, and VZV, establish lifelong latent infections.
  • These viruses infect mucosal epithelial cells and establish latency in sensory neurons, with intermittent reactivation causing disease.
  • While chronic αHHV infections coexist with T-cell responses, immune suppression exacerbates recurrent infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complexity of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity.
  • To investigate the localization and persistence of T-cells during chronic and recurrent phases of infection.
  • To inform the design of novel vaccine candidates against αHHV.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses in peripheral blood.
  • Localization studies of specific T-cells in ganglia during latency and infected areas during recurrence.
  • Assessment of T-cell persistence post-viral clearance.

Main Results:

  • Induction of αHHV-specific T-cell immunity is complex, generating poly-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses.
  • Specific T-cells are found in ganglia during chronic HSV infection and in infected sites during recurrences.
  • These T-cells persist long after the virus has been cleared.

Conclusions:

  • T-cell responses play a crucial role in managing chronic and recurrent αHHV infections.
  • Understanding T-cell dynamics during latency and reactivation is vital for therapeutic strategies.
  • Recent insights into T-cell immunity offer promising avenues for developing effective αHHV vaccines.